Childhood Amnesia and the Beginnings of Memory for Four...

When we ask people to recall experiences, they rarely report memories dating from much before about three years of age. For the purpose of this assessment I have chosen the ‘Childhood Amnesia and the Beginnings of Memory for Four Early Life Events’ conducted by JoNell A. Usher and Ulric Neisser, published in 1993 in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. Therefore, in the following paragraphs I will outline the aim of the study, the methodology and the overall findings. The current research indicates that most of the early memories are of distressing experiences. It is predicted that under certain conditions, children are able to recall painful and potentially harrowing medical experiences, such as shots (Goodman, Rudy, Bottoms,†¦show more content†¦Participants were aware of the background survey but they did not know that the experiment was focused on memory. In terms of the methodology, the investigators used a specific number of questionnaires per targeted events. To assess the offset of childhood amnesia two main, broad, questionnaires were used. Each one with subsequent, more relevant and event-targeted, set of questions. Additionally, participants were instructed to analyse the frequency and recency of their thoughts in relation to the target event using 4-point and 5-point scales. Furthermore, participants’ mothers were told to evaluate what their children reported as childhood memories. In order to try to trigger their memory, researchers asked the participants about ‘external information sources’, such as photographs, personal stories, etc. Even though the researchers were allowed to select the participants and classify them into predefined categories however, this approach faced a couple of limitations. First of all, participants could have provided better responses if they were interviewed rather than asked t o fill in questionnaires. Moreover, the researchers could have triggered the participants memory better (without using pictures or family stories; needless to say that preliminary results indicated that theseShow MoreRelatedChildhood Amnesia Essay example2340 Words   |  10 PagesChildhood Amnesia A fundamental aspect of human memory is that the more time elapsed since an event, the fainter the memory becomes. This has been shown to be true on a relatively linear scale with the exception of our first three to four years of life (Fitzgerald, 1991). It is even common for adults not to have any memory before the age of six or seven. The absence of memory in these first years has sparked much interest as to how and why it happens. Ever since Freud (1916/1963) first popularizedRead MoreEssay on Discuss Some Of The Main Ideas1711 Words   |  7 Pages Sigmund Freud considered himself a scientist whose intention was to find a physiological and materialist basis for his theories of the psyche. Freud revolutionised the way in which we think about ourselves. From its beginnings as a theory of neurosis, Freud founded and developed psychoanalysis into a general psychology, which became widely accepted as the predominant mode of discussing personality, behaviour and interpersonal relationships. Freud, who had been studying neuropathology, left ViennaRead MoreEssay on Multiple Personality Disorder2024 Words   |  9 PagesMultiple Personality Disorder Mental disorders have baffled physicians, psychiatrists and the general public since the beginning of time. One particular disorder called Dissociative Identity Disorder, also known as Multiple Personality Disorder, has caused controversy between those who believe it is real and those who think it is purely part of an individual’s imagination. For those who believe strongly in its existence, it poses very real consequences and hardships. Dissociative Identity DisorderRead MoreFreud‚Äà ´s Case Histories Illustrate Very Clearly Some of Freud‚Äà ´s Most Basic Theories, Such as His Theories of Identification, the Role of Transference, and the Way in Which the Symptom Is a Formation of the Unconscious2794 Words   |  12 Pagesdetermining the cause and effect of the patient’s condition and his subsequent cure. He apparently remained symptom free until his death in 1914 in the First World War. The Rat Man presents to Freud with obsessions which had inte nsified over the previous four years. His main obsessions were based on fears that something might happen to a lady he admired and his father. He also had a compulsion to cut his throat. He placed himself in Freud’s hands having some knowledge of the analyst’s ideas. InRead MoreToni Morrison and Historical Memory5014 Words   |  21 Pageshistory. We cannot convey true American history without including and understanding minority cultures in the United States, but minority history has to first be written. National amnesia of minority history cannot be tolerated. Toni Morrison is a minority writer has risen to the challenge of preventing national amnesia through educating African-Americans by remembering their past and rewriting their history. In her trilogy, Beloved, Jazz and Paradise, and in her other works, Morrison has succeededRead MorePysch Exam Chapter 811814 Words   |  48 Pagesability to store and retrieve information over time. The process of acquiring and using knowledge is called ________. a. learning; perception b. memory; perception c. learning; cognition d. memory; cognition Answer: d; Moderate 2. Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to the ability to store and retrieve information over time. a. learning b. memory c. cognition d. perception Answer: c; Easy 3. The process of acquiring and using knowledge is called ________. a. learning b. cognitionRead MoreOutcome 1 Know the Main Forms of Mental Ill Health2124 Words   |  9 Pagesbehaviour can result in maldaptive coping skills which may lead to personal problems that induce extreme anxiety, distress or depression. The onset of these patterns of behaviour can typically be traced back to early adolescence and the beginning of adulthood and, in some instances, childhood. Because the theory and diagnosis of personality disorders stem from prevailing cultural expectations, their validity is contested by some experts on the basis of invariable subjectivity. They argue that the theoryRead MoreNU 545 Unit 2 Essay10921 Words   |  44 PagesExpression of affect (emotional and behavioral states) is mediated by extensive connections with the limbic system and prefrontal cortex. - p. 456 The prefrontal area is responsible for goal oriented behavior (ability to concentrate), short term memory and elaboration of thought and inhibition of the limbic areas - p. 459 The cerebellum is responsible for conscious and unconscious muscle energy and for maintaining balance and posture. ! 2. Know the function of the arachnoid villi. 3Read MoreClinical Approaches Of Treating Sleep Terror Disorder9928 Words   |  40 PagesAbstract Parasomnias are partial arousal states that disrupt sleep. Different phenomena that are closely related make up this spectrum of behavior, described as complex behaviors or physiological events that manifest when an individual becomes stuck in the transition period of the sleep cycle. Studies on partial arousal states have been more in depth within the last half century. In regards to sleep terror disorder, many effected individuals only require assurance of their safety and accurate factsRead MoreFreud - Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy - Little Hans5243 Words   |  21 PagesAnalysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy - Little Hans Chronological Summary of Events 1903 Hans born. (April) 1906 3 to 3  ¾ First reports. 3  ¼ to 3  ½ First visit to Gmunden. (Summer) 3  ½ Castration threat. 3  ½ Hanna born. (October) 1907 3  ¾ First dream. 4 Removal to new flat. 4  ¼ to 4  ½ Second visit to Gmunden. Episode of biting horse. (Summer) 1908 4  ¾ Episode of falling horse. Outbreak of phobia. (January) 5 End of analysis. (May) Background Little Hans (Herbert Graf)

The War on Terror Americans Being Terrorized by Their...

The War on Terror: American’s Being Terrorized by their Government? â€Å"They that can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty or safety†- Benjamin Franklin. â€Å"Political liberty consists in security or, at least, in the opinion one has of ones security†-Montesquieu. On September 11th, 2001, the United States was devastated by terrorist attacks that destroyed infrastructure and killed thousands of civilians. This was arguably the most severe attack on the United States and with it came a panic and fear for future aggregations. Soon after the September 11th terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington D.C., Congress rushed into action and quickly passed antiterrorism legislation known as the USA Patriot Act. The title of the act is a ten-letter acronym [USA PATRIOT] that stands for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act. The act was understood to give the government sweeping authority to take necessary safety measures like conducting electronic surveillance via the Internet. The initial Patriot Act was passed by President George W. Bush in 2001. On May 26, 2011, President Barack Obama signed the PATRIOT Sunsets Extension Act of 2011, which is a four-year extension of three key provisions in the USA PATRIOT Act: roving wiretaps, searches of business records also known as the library records provision, and conducting surveillance of lone wolves. LoneShow MoreRelatedSummary Of Wicked And Lawless Men By Anne Marshall889 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1865 the Freedmen’s Bureau was created by Congress to help former black slaves and poor Southern whites after the Civil War. In chapter three, Wicked and Lawless Men, in Anne Marshall’s book, she stated that the Freedmen’s Bureau was to â€Å"provide a legal voice for the freedmen by negotiating labor contracts between African Americans and their employers and attempting to quell racial violence†¦ (Marshall 61).† The bureau was to also help provide education, housing, as well as food distributionRead MoreThe System of Government Fascism Essay examples1740 Words   |  7 PagesThe System of Government Fascism Fascism is a form of counter-revolutionary politics that first arose in the early part of the twentieth-century in Europe. It was a response to the rapid social upheaval, the devastation of World War I, and the Bolshevik Revolution. Fascism is a philosophy or a system of government the advocates or exercises a dictatorship of the extreme right, typically through the merging of state and business leadership, together with an ideology of aggressive nationalism.Read MoreThe Unjust Treatment Of Japanese Americans2259 Words   |  10 PagesAmerican race. Terror and fear hung over individuals when they were not allowed to do the same things they have done in the past. It was time to start a new life, in a whole new place, with different people they have not yet met before. It was the beginning of a new age for the Japanese Americans, and it was also one they would have to seek through in order to make it to the end. Events started to turn on December of 1941 where the Japanese attacked Pe arl Harbor. This struck terror on the United States

Managing For Value Creation Reflect On The Simulation Of...

Below is my understanding of how the concepts, I have learned so far, in Managing for Value Creation reflect on the simulation of SmartMart. Set out your overall strategy for SmartMart, explaining why you elected to follow this strategy, and how each decision you made contributed to this strategy. The strategy I elected was driven from the Mission and Values of SmartMart. Which is to create SmartMart as a niche store and provide its customers with a customized local experience while keeping in view all the stakeholders. Therefore, each decision I made contributed in increasing value for suppliers, customers, shareholders, etc... While maintaining the competitive advantage and differentiation factors of SmartMart. Such as, customer service, brand value, commitment to organic products, etc... Which I analyzed from the value chain (Appendix 1) of SmartMart. The other key tool specifically used for assessing each scenario was Porters five forces. â€Å"The corporate strategist’s goal is to find a position in the industry where his or her company can best defend itself against these forces or can influence them in its favor.† (Porter, 1979)(Appendix 2) Furthermore, there is a strong focus on creating shared value for every stakeholder in the Company. Thereby, the strategy was to maximize value for all stakeholders’. Each scenario was assessed by weighing on the options on the shared value they created. Some of the choices presented difficult decisions, which is discussed later in the

Kants Fundamental Principles Of The Metaphysics Of Moral...

Kants Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Moral The central concept of Kants Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals is the categorical imperative. â€Å"The conception of an objective principle, in so far as it is obligatory for a will, is called a command (of reason), and the formula of the command is called an Imperative.† (Abbott, 30) An imperative is something that a will ought or shall do because the will is obligated to act in the manner in which it conforms with moral law. The categorical imperative is an obligation by the will to act so that the action can be classified as a universal law. When one acts in conformity with the universal law at all times, they are following out the categorical imperative. This†¦show more content†¦Kant uses four examples to better describe the working of the categorical imperative in Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals. The first example is of a man who is suffering from many misfortunes in life and wishes to commit sucicide on the basis of self-love. Kant declares that this cannot be the categorical imperative at work because the maxim derived from self-love, to shorten his life to avoid more pain, is a contradiction in itself for no man can kill himself painlessly and therefore cannot be a universal maxim. The action of killing oneself would cause pain, which is not in conformity to the maxim stated to avoid pain. The second example Kant gives is based on the basic premise of lying. A man is forced to borrow money which he knows he will never be able to repay but he promises to do so anyway. This action is not consistent with duty and the maxim could be expressed as: â€Å"When I [the man] think myself in want of money, I will borrow money and promise to repay it, although I know that I never can do so.†(Abbott, 39) The maxim cannot hold as a universal law because if everyone lied about promises, the promise itself would become impossible, and the end would be unattainable. Telling the truth is an end in itself. The third example is of a man who it bestowed a natural ability but does not use it to its fullShow MoreRelatedBook Report on Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals by Kant599 Words   |  3 Pageson Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals by Kant Kant states (38,) act as if the maxim of thy action were to become by thy will a universal law of nature. This categorical imperative forms the basis of his book, Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals. Though at times his writing is confusing Kant lays out his logic as to what a categorical imperative is. Kant divides the book into three sections. The first explains the transition from everyday moral beliefsRead MoreImmanuel Kant And The Ford Pinto Case991 Words   |  4 PagesImmanuel Kant and The Ford Pinto Case Immanuel Kant ¶s theory on morals states that  ³nothing can possibly be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be called good, without qualification, except a good will. ´ 1 Kant points to other human qualities such as courage, intelligence, wit and others that are  ³undoubtedly good and desirable, ´ 2 however, can become bad if the will of the person using them is not good. Kant maintains that in order for an action to be considered moral, it shouldRead MoreEmmanuel Kant and Moral Theory1589 Words   |  6 Pagescontributions to moral theory is the concept of pure practical reason that, as an alternative to moral sense theory or teleological ethics, more positively views the capability of fallible individuals to act morally. Practical reason, the basis of Kantian metaphysics, was revolutionary because it challenged skepticism towards human moral capacities and insisted that the moral faculty is an implicit part of common human reason. Practical reason is an instrumental theory in Kants Metaphysics of Morals and greatlyRead MoreKants Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Moral803 Words   |  4 PagesKant s Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Moral The central concept of Kant s Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals is the categorical imperative. The conception of an objective principle, in so far as it is obligatory for a will, is called a command (of reason), and the formula of the command is called an Imperative. (Abbott, 30) An imperative is something that a will ought or shall do because the will is obligated to act in the manner in which it conforms withRead More Ethical and Philosophical Questions about Value and Obligation977 Words   |  4 Pagesethics. Normative ethics deals with substantial ethical issues, such as, What is intrinsically good? What are our moral obligations? Metaethics deals with philosophical issues about ethics: What is value or moral obligation? Are there ethical facts? What sort of objectivity is possible in ethics? How can we have ethical knowledge? Recall, also, the fundamental dilemma of metaethics. Either there are ethical facts or there aren?t. If they are, what sort of facts are they? InRead MoreKant s Categorical Imperative And Morality1297 Words   |  6 PagesKant: The Categorical Imperative and Morality Immanuel Kant, a Prussian philosopher, was a leader in the rationalization of society and morality. His revolutionary law, known as the categorical imperative, was a major step toward freeing morality, and people in general, from the bounds of a religious authority or moral absolute to judge them. Working during the Enlightenment, he contributed to the flow of similarly progressive ideas during this pivotal era in human development and knowledge. BroughtRead MoreKant s Groundwork Of The Metaphysic Of Morals860 Words   |  4 PagesKant’s Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals Immanuel Kant was one of the most important European philosophers and lived from 1724 to 1804. In his time he created Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Metaphysic of Morals. Kant starts by stating that â€Å"By identifying a good will as the only unconditional good, he denies that the principles of good willing can be fixed by reference to an objective good or telos at which they aim.† This ties into Kants next part of his work because it describes two shopkeepersRead More Kants Groundworks of the Metaphysic of Morals Essay1656 Words   |  7 PagesKants Groundworks of the Metaphysic of Morals In Groundworks of the Metaphysic of Morals Immanuel Kant proposes that good will is the only thing which is good and that a person should act only under that maxim which he would will to be universal (273); Kant calls that test for morality the Categorical Imperative. Kant believes that the CI can be formulated in several different ways, a. The Formula of Universal Law b. The Formula of the End in Itself Read MoreSummary of Immanuel Kants Life Essay1100 Words   |  5 Pages Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) spent all of his life in Kà ¶nigsberg, a small German town on the Baltic Sea in East Prussia. (After World War II, Germanys border was pushed west, so Kà ¶nigsberg is now called Kaliningrad and is part of Russia.) At the age of fifty-five, Kant appeared to be a washout. He had taught at Kà ¶nigsberg University for over twenty years, yet had not published any works of significance. During the last twenty-five years of his life, however, Kant left a markRead MoreThe Principles Of Freedom Of An Individual934 Words   |  4 PagesCHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION The principle of freedom of an individual is the core tenet of liberalism. The foundation of liberalism is categorized into three. The first is the freedom from arbitrary rule, termed â€Å"negative freedom† which includes freedom of the press, equality before the law, freedom of conscience and right to property. The second set of rights ensures the protection and promotion of the capacity and opportunity for freedom, which is called the â€Å"positive freedom.† Example of such rights

Building a Campfire There are many different campf Essay Example For Students

Building a Campfire There are many different campf Essay ire structures that can be built to start a fire while camping. The most common are the teepee, log cabin, dugout, and tunnel structures. Almost anyone can build these fires if he or she follows some key points. A fire needs three elements: air, fuel, and an ignition of some kind. For a campfire the air element is easily accessible; its the air a person breaths or oxygen. Fuel is equivalent to wood. Sometimes lighter fluid is used to start big fires immediately, but usually when dealing with a campfire the fuel is wood. Ignition can come from a spark, match, or lighter. It is anything that initially starts the fire. Going deeper into wood, there are three categories to classify it under. Kindling is the stuff that is easiest to burn. It could be leaves, dryer lint, or very small twigs. The next size of wood is sticks and small logs. These will range in size from one half inch to two inches in diameter. Anything larger than this is classified as the fuel. The fuel is the big logs that will burn for hours. When a fire is started it needs to be built like this: kindling first, then sticks and small logs, and then the fuel, once the fire is going good. Using this technique with the following fire structures will ensure hot easy fires. The teepee style structure is probably the most used and easiest to build, but doesnt necessarily result in the hottest or longest burning campfire. To build this fire think about the name teepee. The end result before burning this structure looks like an Indians teepee (If the teepee shape is not familiar, then envision a conic shape). Start by placing the intermediate size wood or sticks in the ground in a circular shape about eight to twelve inches in diameter, leaning the tips of the sticks together in the center. The sticks should already start to resemble a teepee shape. Continue layering the walls of the teepee with more sticks, but not too thick, because air needs to be able to pass through the walls easily. Leave a hole on one side large enough to place kindling inside the stick walls. This hole is also left to light the kindling from the inside and may be filled in once the fire is lit. Once this is completed, the structure should be a recognizable teepee or cone shape. The kindling should be lit on the underside inside the teepee walls through the hole that was left. Due to this easy structure, when the smaller sized twigs start to fall in and burn up, larger sized sticks can be placed on the outside in the same manner as before, keeping the teepee shape. A log cabin campfire structure is just as easy to build as a teepee, but must be built more accurately in order for the fire to burn efficiently. In the same way the teepee name resembled its shape, so does the log cabin. Its built by placing two sticks parallel to each other, and than another two on top parallel to each other also, but perpendicular to the previously laid sticks. When viewing the structure from the top it should look like a square. Continuing this procedure while sliding each layer to the middle slightly will produce a pyramid shape without a top. The end result will appear to be a miniature log cabin that grows narrower towards the top. In the center of this cabin is where the kindling is placed. When lighting this structure, a hole might have to be dug under one side if there isnt enough clearance to light the kindling from the bottom side. After its lit, sticks can be laid across the top like a roof, and then eventually the fuel will be laid on top too. The next two structures are to be built when there isnt a fire ring in the campsite and a hole needs to be dug to contain the fire. The first of the two, the dugout, is started by digging a hole. The initial hole should be slightly oval in shape and reach .

Mechanisms of Motor Development free essay sample

The mechanisms involved in motor development involve some genetic components that determine the physical size of body parts at a given age, as well as aspects of muscle and bone strength. The main areas of the brain involved in motor skills are the frontal cortex, parietal cortex and basal ganglia. The dorsolateral frontal cortex is responsible for strategic processing. The parietal cortex is important in controlling perceptual-motor integration and the basal ganglia and supplementary motor cortex are responsible for motor sequences. Nutrition and exercise also determine strength and therefore the ease and accuracy with which a body part can be moved. Flexibility is also impacted by nutrition and exercise as well. It has also been shown that the frontal lobe develops posterio-anteriorally (from back to front). This is significant in motor development because the hind portion of the frontal lobe is known to control motor functions. This form of development is known as Portional Development and explains why motor functions develop relatively quickly during normal childhood development, while logic, which is controlled by the middle and front portions of the frontal lobe, usually will not develop until late childhood and early adolescence. We will write a custom essay sample on Mechanisms of Motor Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Opportunities to carry out movements help establish the abilities to flex (move toward the trunk) and extend body parts, both capacities are necessary for good motor ability. Skilled voluntary movements such as passing objects from hand to hand develop as a result of practice and learning. Mastery Climate is a suggested successful learning environment for children to promote motor skills by their own motivation. This promotes participation and active learning in children, which according to Piagets developmental theory is extremely important in early childhood rule.